<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
    xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
    xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
    xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/">
<channel>
    <title>Others Say</title>
    <category>Others Say</category>
    <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/section/others-say/feed/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://tj.durangoherald.com/section/others-say/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description>Latest local news from The Durango Herald.</description>
    <lastBuildDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 21:00:54 -0600</lastBuildDate>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <ttl>30</ttl>
    <item>
        <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/find-some-of-the-oldest-stars-in-globular-clusters/</link>
        <title>Find some of the oldest stars in globular clusters</title>
        <description>Greetings, Stargazers. I need to make myself a set of cheat cards for my favorite objects in the sky so I can answer questions in more detail at the next star party. I have to admit that I rely on...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 12 Oct 2019 10:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">952002C7-909B-2778-E053-0100007F0BC5</guid>
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings, Stargazers. I need to make myself a set of cheat cards for my favorite objects in the sky so I can answer questions in more detail at the next star party. I have to admit that I rely on readily-available online information sources far too much to remember specific facts about specific objects from one star party to the next. I do try to restrain myself, but if one of my students asks a very specific question, I tend to respond by saying, “What, you don’t know how to use Google?” Or maybe, “Can someone with a smartphone help us out here – how far away is the Hercules cluster?” At the recent Mesa Verde star party, the visitors were much more self-organizing than I have seen before. Quiet, orderly, parallel lines of people formed in front of the various telescopes, and as far as I could tell, the lines kept moving until everyone had a view through all the telescopes. At previous public star parties, I have typically focused the telescope on a variety of different objects, but this time I started out on M13, the globular cluster in Hercules, simply because I think it looks cool and didn’t think anyone else was starting with it. I ended up staying there all night until the crowds dissipated. M13 is short for Messier 13, or the 13th object on Charles Messier’s list of things that weren’t comets. (Not being a comet is the only thing objects on the list have in common.) Questions I got included how far away is it? How many stars are in M13? How close are the stars? In general, I know that all globular clusters are tens of thousands of light years away, contain hundreds of thousands of stars and are dozens of light years in diameter. I was afraid that information was a bit too general, and I knew that better answers were available somewhere, so for those specific questions, here is my cheat sheet for M13: M13 is 22,000 light years away and is 11.65 billion years old. It has a total estimated mass of 600,000 suns and a radius of 84 light years. That would make the average density of stars inside M13 roughly 100 times that of the region around the sun, and much higher in the center of the cluster. Other facts that I could share: Globular clusters are named that because they look like a glob of stars. All are fairly spherical and appear to get denser and denser as you look toward the center. Globulars are generally outside of the plane of the Milky Way and form a spherical halo surrounding its center. They are made up of some of the oldest known stars. These clusters formed while the matter that became the Milky Way was still being pulled together by gravity. Once the stars in these clusters formed, the clusters continued in their elliptical orbits about the center of mass of the Milky Way. There are roughly 180 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way. This number is only an estimate because the view in some directions is blocked by interstellar gas and dust. This month You can find Hercules in the sky by looking on the line between Vega and Arcturus. Those are the two brightest stars in the sky right now, with Vega almost directly overhead and Arcturus near the western horizon. Find them early in the evening, as Arcturus will be setting shortly after 9 p.m. Between those two bright stars are two constellations. Corona Boreales, the Northern Crown, is a bit closer to Arcturus, and Hercules is a bit closer to Vega. Hercules is a large constellation that, I think, requires a bit of imagination to see the mythical hero. However, the torso of Hercules is right on the line between Vega and Arcturus and is a nearly-trapezoidal pattern of four stars called the keystone. M13 is along the western edge of the keystone. On a moonless night, you can see the magnitude 5.8 M13 with unaided, dark-adapted eyes. With binoculars you can see what looks like a fuzzy cotton ball, and through an 8-inch telescope, you can see many individual stars. Jupiter and Saturn are still great binocular and telescope targets. The planet Uranus is at opposition this month but only visible as a tiny blue dot. It is barely visible to the naked eye in the constellation Aries, but you should use an astronomy app, or a current star chart, to find it since it isn’t near any obvious pointer stars. Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu. Useful linksM13: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_13 . ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod . AN ASTRONOMER’S FORECAST FOR DURANGO: https://bit.ly/2eXWa64 . OLD FORT LEWIS OBSERVATORY: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory . FOUR CORNERS STARGAZERS: ://bit.ly/2eUqRJX https://bit.ly/2iGQPTb https://bit.ly/2igOSMc]]></content:encoded>
    </item>
    <item>
        <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/gauge-the-temperature-of-a-star-by-its-color/</link>
        <title>Gauge the temperature of a star by its color</title>
        <description>Greetings, Stargazers. Last month, I began a discussion of how stars are classified by their brightness and color, or more technically, by their luminosity and spectroscopic classification. I spent most of that column on the first of those features, and...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 11 May 2019 04:03:09 -0600</pubDate>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">888E6F55-FEF8-0706-E053-0100007FEC6B</guid>
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings, Stargazers. Last month, I began a discussion of how stars are classified by their brightness and color, or more technically, by their luminosity and spectroscopic classification. I spent most of that column on the first of those features, and how that relates to how bright a star looks to us. The second major characteristic of a star is its color. Although stars come in many spectral types, most are so dim that our eyes just perceive them as a pale white. Many of you know Roy G. Biv, but if you haven’t heard of him, this is just a simple way to remember the colors in a rainbow – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. I must admit that I have often wondered how indigo squeezed into the list, but I have learned that suggesting the removal of indigo can be as emotionally charged as removing Pluto from the list of planets. The color of a star (or any radiating object) is directly related to its temperature. They radiate at all wavelengths, but some are more intense than others depending on the temperature. To try to understand this, think of the heating element in an electric oven. When you first turn on the oven, the element is radiating heat, but you can’t see any light coming from it. That is because the radiation is in the infrared, at wavelengths too long for your eyes to see. As the element gets hotter, we can begin to see it glow red as some of the radiation becomes energetic enough to be in the red end (the lower energy end) of the visible spectrum. As the element gets even hotter and hotter, the color becomes more orange, and then maybe even yellow. (You might need to think of the filament in an incandescent light bulb, as your oven won’t get this hot.) This same effect is what we see in stars of different temperatures. A question I often get is what happens after yellow – why don’t we see green stars? The answer is that all colors are being radiated all the time, just in different relative amounts. The red stars emit a fair amount of yellow but hardly any blue. The yellow stars just happen to have a bit more red than blue. When it gets a little hotter than yellow is when all wavelengths are being radiated in approximately equal amounts, so what we see is white. When the star gets a little hotter than that, there is then more blue than red and we see the overall color as blueish white. The label that a star gets that describes its color is called its spectroscopic class, and it is the primary indication of the star’s temperature. For historic reasons, the categories are usually listed from hot to cold, which would be from blue to red, and the categories have the peculiar letter designations of OBAFGKM for the different classes. The letters are from a somewhat archaic system that indicated the intensity of hydrogen as seen in the spectrum of the star. “A” stars had the most intense hydrogen lines, “B” stars the second most and so on. Most of those letter designations have been eliminated, and the order has been updated to that shown above. “O” stars are the hottest and “M” stars the coolest. The sun is a G-type star. If you want to remember the order of these spectroscopic classes, you can use the mnemonic “Oh, Be A Fine Girl/Guy Kiss Me.” This month The full moon this month is a blue moon (the real kind). It is the third full moon in a season that has four full moons. Most seasons have only three full moons, and this definition is much more restrictive than the popular one that says the second full moon in a month is a blue one. Jupiter and Saturn are both near the Milky Way. Jupiter now rises before 11 p.m. and (other than the moon) will be the brightest thing in the sky until Venus comes up. Jupiter will reach opposition early next month, which should be the best time to view it through a telescope. Saturn follows Jupiter by a couple of hours, and Venus is now rising a little after 5 a.m. as the morning star. This is the time of year to plan for some summer stargazing activities. Look for events at Chimney Rock National Monument and at the San Juan College planetarium. The Powerhouse Science Center is planning a “Chasing the Moon” activity on the afternoon of June 9 with at least one solar telescope set up. Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Email him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu. Useful linksStellar classification: https://bit.ly/26BLelg ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod AN ASTRONOMER’S FORECAST FOR DURANGO: https://bit.ly/2eXWa64 OLD FORT LEWIS OBSERVATORY: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory FOUR CORNERS STARGAZERS: https://bit.ly/2eUqRJX https://bit.ly/2iGQPTb https://bit.ly/2igOSMc]]></content:encoded>
    </item>
    <item>
        <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/this-asterism-is-a-highlight-of-the-winter-sky/</link>
        <title>This asterism is a highlight of the winter sky</title>
        <description>Greetings, Stargazers. I have to say that comet 46P/Wirtanen last month exceeded my expectations. By that, I simply mean I could see it with my naked eye, even if it was just barely. Every month, there are probably half a...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 12 Jan 2019 03:03:09 -0700</pubDate>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">7F355CB6-2970-5980-E053-0100007FA6BF</guid>
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings, Stargazers. I have to say that comet 46P/Wirtanen last month exceeded my expectations. By that, I simply mean I could see it with my naked eye, even if it was just barely. Every month, there are probably half a dozen comets you could see dimly through a telescope, but ones you can see with your naked eye only come around every decade or so. January is also the time that I like to at least mention one of my favorite asterisms, the winter hexagon. I reviewed it in more detail last year, but this hexagon is one that can help you learn eight stars in six different constellations. Start by finding the three belt stars of Orion that are now prominent in the southeastern sky after dusk. Betelgeuse, the bright red star above and to the left of the three belt stars, is the center of the hexagon. Use a star chart or phone app to help you find the six points around the edge of the hexagon. These will include Rigel, on the opposite side of the belt from Betelgeuse, and then, going counterclockwise, you can find Aldebaran, Capella, the twins Castor and Pollux, Procyon and then Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. This is also a good season for binoculars. If you still have them out from looking for the comet, make sure to take a look at the Orion nebula. Situated between the belt stars at Orion’s waist and Rigel at Orion’s foot is a small grouping of what looks like three moderately dim stars. The grouping is most often referred to as Orion’s sword, but persistent ribald rumors suggest that sword is just a euphemism for Orion’s manly parts below his belt. The center of this grouping is the Orion Nebula, or M42. It is one of the more interesting objects in the night sky, but not because of its strategic placement. It is one of the few nebulae visible to the naked eye. M42 looks great in binoculars and is a favorite target for those with a small telescope. The wisps of nebulosity extend out far enough to fill the field of view through a low magnification eyepiece, and the central region is bright enough to be a favorite target at star parties. With a slightly higher magnification, you can resolve the trapezium, a tight cluster of stars near the center of the nebula. Four stars are visible with small telescopes. With a larger telescope, challenge yourself to see if you can see more stars in the grouping. This month The moon will be full this month on the same day its orbital path crosses the ecliptic (the path the sun follows). This means there is a total lunar eclipse this month. Assuming clear skies, you will be able to see it on the evening of Jan. 20. Expect some mainstream news and social media alerts about this event. Many will like to call it a supermoon because the full moon this month happens only a day before perigee. But even the super-est of moons can be covered with your index finger held at arm’s length. Mars is still fairly bright in the evening sky, but no longer outshines the winter stars. It can be seen to the south after sunset and will set in the west shortly after 11 p.m. For several mornings around Jan. 22, the two brightest things in the sky besides the sun and the moon will be within a couple of degrees of each other. Venus, at magnitude -4.3, and Jupiter, at magnitude -1.8, will both be rising a little after 4 a.m. Both planets are interesting with a little magnification. Venus will be in a half-moon phase, and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter will make a nice line along the plane of the ecliptic. And don’t forget to see if you can find all eight stars in the winter hexagon. Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu. Useful linksNASA Eclipse page: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/lunar.html Picture of the winter hexagon: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110103.html Astronomy picture of the day: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod An astronomer’s forecast for Durango: https://bit.ly/2eXWa64 Old Fort Lewis Observatory: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory Four Corners Stargazers: https://bit.ly/2eUqRJX https://bit.ly/2iGQPTb https://bit.ly/2igOSMc]]></content:encoded>
    </item>
    <item>
        <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/scorpius-stars-put-sting-in-summer-sky-2/</link>
        <title>Scorpius’ stars put sting in summer sky</title>
        <description>Greetings, stargazers. The late afternoon monsoon clouds finally parted and made for a few good observing evenings recently. Unfortunately for me, a couple of those nights were interrupted by smoke from the Toe Fire on Sleeping Ute Mountain. Trying to...</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2015 18:01:26 -0600</pubDate>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">AB1AA423-E62A-4F9D-AF2B-FBEF236F5486</guid>
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings, stargazers. The late afternoon monsoon clouds finally parted and made for a few good observing evenings recently. Unfortunately for me, a couple of those nights were interrupted by smoke from the Toe Fire on Sleeping Ute Mountain. Trying to gather enough light for a color photograph of any deep sky object is challenging enough without interference from orange haze. Maybe the sky was just jealous of the river's new color. The peak of the Perseid meteor shower was early this morning. These meteors appear to radiate from the constellation Perseus (thus the name) and result from the Earth hitting the trail of dust and debris that follows the orbit of the comet Swift-Tuttle. The total shower duration is about a week, so even if you missed the show last night, the next couple of nights should have many more meteors than you would see on an average night. Since the new moon is Thursday night, it should be a good, dark night for observing. This month Venus, recently the evening star, is finally setting before the sun, and will make its next appearance as the morning star by the end of the month. If you want a challenge when the sun is setting, you might glimpse Mercury low on the western horizon before it gets totally dark. It will be there for the next few days. The biggest planetary treat is Saturn. The rings are tilted enough now that even some good binoculars can show you a tiny football shape. With a small telescope the rings will be well separated from the planet. If you have slightly more magnification and resolution available, you should look for the Cassini Division, a gap in the rings about two-thirds of the way out. Just to the east of Saturn is the prominent summer constellation Scorpius. Made up of mostly bright stars, it is, I think, one of the few constellations that actually looks like its namesake. The bright orange star Antares, which means Rival of Mars, is at the heart. The long curved tail ends in a pair of stars for the stinger. The tail is very near the brightest part of the Milky Way. There are several mythological stories about the scorpion; most involve Orion. In one version, the scorpion stung and killed Orion, but before Orion died, he killed the scorpion. These mortal enemies were then placed on opposite sides of the heavens so they would never be in the sky at the same time. Slightly more than one degree to the west of Antares is the globular cluster M4. Because of its proximity to Antares, it is one of the easiest globulars to find. It should be visible in binoculars as a tiny puff ball. To the east of the scorpion's stinger is the open cluster M7. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint fuzzy patch, and binoculars will show a nice, rich grouping of stars. Upcoming stargazing opportunities include events Friday at Chimney Rock and Saturday at Mancos State Park. The Chimney Rock program requires a small fee and includes a pre-dusk archaeoastronomy talk. Charles Hakes is an assistant professor in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu. Useful linksScorpius: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius Astronomy picture of the day: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ An astronomer's forecast for Durango: www.cleardarksky.com/c/DrngoCOkey.html?1 Old Fort Lewis Observatory: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory Four Corners Stargazers: http://groups.google.com/group/Four-Corners-Stargazers]]></content:encoded>
    </item>
    <item>
        <link>https://tj.durangoherald.com/new-horizons-will-give-best-view-of-pluto/</link>
        <title>New Horizons will give best view of Pluto</title>
        <description>Greetings, stargazers. I hope you enjoyed the recent planetary conjunction in the western sky. From our perspective, Venus and Jupiter are now slowly separating from each other after their closest approach June 30. Although they appeared very close in the...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2015 01:12:42 -0600</pubDate>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">1C8C2E0B-8766-49A5-88B3-B28D6DB185F2</guid>
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings, stargazers. I hope you enjoyed the recent planetary conjunction in the western sky. From our perspective, Venus and Jupiter are now slowly separating from each other after their closest approach June 30. Although they appeared very close in the sky, Jupiter is more than 10 times farther away than Venus. If that distance sounds incredible, it is. But Pluto is almost 10 times farther away than Jupiter. It is so distant, that even Hubble telescope photos show an object only a few pixels across. The ninth planet was discovered in 1930, but even by this century not much had been learned about it – except that it wasn’t a planet. Beginning in the 1990s, many objects of a similar distance to the sun were discovered, and it was evident that Pluto was one of these Kuiper belt objects. The Kuiper belt is the solar system’s reservoir of short period comets. In 2006, Pluto received what many of the public feel to be a demotion to dwarf planet status. I have seen petitions attempting to restore it to its previous designation, but I doubt that any will be successful. The most compelling argument for me is that if Pluto were somehow to travel to our part of the solar system, it would most likely develop a tail like a comet. That would be a most un-planet-like trait. Nine years after leaving Earth, the New Horizons spacecraft is now approaching Pluto and will begin nine days of intensive scientific observations next week. As with all voyages of discovery, no one is quite sure what to expect. The visible light photographic images might end up being the most memorable, but other instruments on New Horizons include spectrometers in various wavelength bands, instruments to measure the solar wind, and the Student Dust Counter, or SDC. The SDC has a Colorado connection. It was designed, built and is being operated by students at the University of Colorado Boulder Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. This month Venus and Jupiter are still the two brightest things in the sky besides the sun and the moon. They are both in the western sky right after sunset, and will make good telescope targets for the next few weeks. Venus shows a nice crescent shape right now that is visible even under very low magnification. Saturn, now in the constellation Libra, is getting into a prime viewing position high in the sky during the early evening. The tilt of the rings this year is greater than it has been in a decade, and we can look forward to some amazing views. If the weather holds, there will tentatively be stargazing events Saturday at Mancos State Park, Wednesday at Durango Nature Studies and July 17 at Chimney Rock. I hope to see some of you at one of these events. Charles Hakes is an assistant professor in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu. Useful linksNew Horizons: www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons Astronomy picture of the day: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ An astronomer’s forecast for Durango: www.cleardarksky.com/c/DrngoCOkey.html?1 Old Fort Lewis Observatory: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory Four Corners Stargazers: http://groups.google.com/group/Four-Corners-Stargazers]]></content:encoded>
    </item>
</channel>
</rss>
